Instant+Camera+-+Polaroid

The **instant camera** is a type of [|camera] that generates a developed film image. The most popular types to use [|self-developing film] were formerly made by [|Polaroid Corporation]. The invention of modern instant cameras is generally credited to [|American] scientist [|Edwin Land], who unveiled the first commercial instant camera, the [|Land Camera], in 1948, a year after unveiling instant film in New York City. The earliest instant camera, which consisted of a camera and portable darkroom in a single compartment, was invented in 1923 by Samuel Shlafrock.[|[][|1][|]] In February 2008, Polaroid announced it would discontinue production of film, shut down three factories and lay off 450 workers.[|[][|2][|]] Sales of chemical film by all makers have dropped by at least 25% per year in the first decade of the 21st century, and the decline is likely to accelerate. [|Fujifilm] is now the only remaining supplier of instant film in the United States. However, in October 2009, Polaroid announced it would bring back its classic instant film cameras, after announcing the year before that production was to be stopped.[3

Types of Polaroid instant cameras
Polaroid cameras can be classified by the type of film they use. The earliest Polaroids (pre-1963) used instant roll film, which has since been discontinued. Roll film came in two rolls (positive/developing agent and negative) which were loaded into the camera and eventually offered in three sizes (40, 30, and 20 series). Later cameras utilized "pack film," which required the photographer to pull the film out of the camera for development, then peel apart the positive from the negative at the end of the developing process. Pack film initially was offered in a rectangular format (100 series), then in square format (80 series). Later Polaroids, like the once popular [|SX-70], used a square format integral film, in which all components of the film (negative, developer, fixer, etc.) were contained. Each exposure developed automatically once the shot is taken. SX-70 (or Time Zero) film was recently discontinued but had a strong following from artists who used it for image manipulation. 600 series cameras such as the Pronto, Sun 600, and One600 use 600 (or the more difficult to find professional 779) film. Polaroid Spectra cameras use [|Polaroid Spectra] film which went back to a rectangular format. Captiva, Joycam, and Popshots (single use) cameras use a smaller 500 series film in rectangular format. I-zone cameras use a very small film format which was offered in a sticker format. Finally, Mio cameras used Mio film, which was a film format smaller than 600, but larger than 500 series film.

Instant movie cameras
Not only did Polaroid make instant still-image cameras, but they also manufactured a type of instant movie camera. The unit was called [|Polavision]. The kit included a camera, film, and a movie viewer. When the movie was shot, it would be taken out of the camera and then inserted into the viewer for development, then viewed after development. This format was close to [|Super 8 mm film]. Polavision film was different from normal film in that it was an additive film, mixing the primary colors (red, green, blue) to form the color image. The biggest disadvantage of the Polavision system was the low film speed (ASA 40), which resulted in having to use very bright lights when taking the movie, as well as requiring a special player to view the developed movie. Because of this, and combined with the advent of VHS video recorders, Polavision had a short history.

Types of non-Polaroid instant cameras
Some of the earliest instant cameras were brought to market before Edwin Land's invention of the instant camera. These cameras are, however, more portable darkrooms than "instant" camera. After Land's patent was brought to market, many imitators surfaced, some using Polaroid-compatible film and equipment, such as cameras by [|Keystone], [|Konica], and [|Minolta]. Others were incompatible with Polaroid cameras and film, the most notable of these being made by [|Kodak], such as the Kodamatic. These cameras accepted a Kodak-branded integral instant film, similar to Polaroid's [|SX-70] film. Polaroid brought a patent-infringement lawsuit against Kodak, and eventually Kodak was forced to stop manufacture of both the camera and film. Kodak was also left to pay a settlement to some customers who were left without a way to use their now-defunct cameras. (Many were offered $50 in Kodak stock). Customers were offered the chance to exchange such Kodak cameras (e.g. the EK160-EF), for one of the new [|Disc cameras]. Although many did make the swap, some did not trust the new disc format,[//[|citation needed]//] especially in light of the instant picture camera fiasco and held onto their cameras. There are still many thousands available and even in mint condition with all the original booklets, instructions and carrying case they are worth little, and certainly far less than their original 1970s selling price.[//[|citation needed]//]

Fujifilm
In more recent years, [|Fujifilm] has introduced a line of instant cameras and film in Japanese and Asian markets. Fujifilm called their instant camera line [|Fotorama]. Starting in the early 1980 the F series of cameras include the F-10, F-50S and F-62AF. The mid '80s introduced the 800 series with models such as the MX800, 850E, and Mr Handy collapsible. The ACE cameras were introduced in the mid-1990s and film identical to the 800 film but with different cartridge. The integral films are based on the Kodak line of instant camera films. The instant films FI-10/PI-800/ACE series are somewhat compatible with Kodak line of instant cameras, with minor modifications to the cartridge to make it fit. The F series film was discontinued in 1994 but similar modifications on other Fujifilm cartridge box can be made. But there is a difference in ISO film speed, images may appear too washed out or overexposed, without enough control; some cameras may not be able to produce an adequate image. The Fotorama FP series uses peel-apart film like the 100 series compatible with Polaroid models. In the late 1990s Fujifilm introduced a new series of cameras using a new film called [|Instax] it was available in markets outside the US. Instax became available in smaller mini size with the introduction of the Instax mini/Cheki line. The Polaroid's Mio was available in the US, it uses the same film as the Fujifilm Instax Mini series but were rebranded as Mio film. None of Fujifilm's products were sold officially in the [|United States], although the Polaroid-compatible film is available through some larger photographic suppliers. With the announcement in 2008 of Polaroid ceasing film production, the Instax and peel apart type films are slowly becoming available in more channels.

Usage
Instant cameras have found many uses throughout their history. The original purpose of instant cameras was motivated by Jennifer Land's question to her father (Edwin Land): "Why can't I see them now?" Many people have enjoyed seeing their photos shortly after taking them, allowing them to recompose or retake the photo if they didn't get it right. But instant cameras were found to be useful for other purposes such as ID cards, passport photos, ultrasound photos, and other uses which required an instant photo. They were also used by [|police officers] and fire investigators because of their ability to create an unalterable instant photo. Medium and large format professional photographers have also used the higher end instant cameras to preview lighting before taking the more expensive medium and/or large format photo. Instant film also has been used in ways that are similar to [|folk art], including the transfer of the images/emulsion and image manipulation. Script [|Script supervisors] in film production used polaroid cameras as standard to aid visual [|continuity] by photographing characters or sets, producing photographs that could be instantly referred to when a particular set or character's appearance needs to be reset and shot again, or recalled later due to the non linear shooting schedule of a film or television production (that is, a film is rarely shot in the order of chronology in the film, due to time, location or financial restraints). Script supervisors no longer use polaroid cameras due to digital technology. With the advent of [|digital photography], much of the instant camera's consumer appeal has been transferred to the [|digital cameras]. Even most passport photo cameras have gone to digital, leaving instant cameras to a niche market.

Taking an instant photograph
Edwin Land's original idea behind instant photography was to create a photographic system that was seamless and easy for anyone to use. The first Roll film cameras required the photographer to use a light meter to take a reading of the light level, then to set the exposure setting on the lens. Then the lens was focused and the subject framed and the picture was taken, the photographer flipped a switch and pulled the large tab in the back of the camera to pull the negative over the positive, through some rollers to spread the developing agent. After the picture developed inside the camera for the required time, the photographer opened the small door in the camera back and peeled the positive from the negative. To prevent fading the black and white positive had to be coated with a fixing agent, a potentially messy procedure which led to the development of coaterless instant pack film. Pack film cameras operated in a similar manner except for the fact that most of these cameras had automatic exposure. The development of the film required the photographer pull two tabs, the second tab which pulled the positive/negative "sandwich" from the camera, where it developed outside the camera. If the temperature was below 60°F, the positive/negative "sandwich" was placed between two aluminum plates and placed either in your pocket or under your arm to keep it warm while developing. After the required development time (15 seconds to 2 minutes), the positive was peeled apart from the negative. Integral film cameras, such as the SX-70, 600 series, Spectra, and Captiva cameras went a long way in accomplishing Edwin Land's goal of creating a seamless process in producing instant photos. The photographer simply pointed the camera at the subject, framed it, and took the photo. The camera and film did the rest, including adjusting the exposure settings, taking care of focusing (Sonar autofocus models only), utilizing a flash if necessary (600 series and up), and ejecting the film, which developed without intervention from the photographer.



Marina Farias Pimentel TEEN 4O61